Diversity Risk Of Humanity To Human Health

.Parasitical Worms.com Flukes have flat stems, not segmented into flat fluke Platyhelminthesd, including free-living flukes and parasites. There are many flukes in Platyhelminthes, but there are only two important medicine classes: Trematoda and Cestoda.
In Trematoda class, there are two common families in medicine: true fluke, called flukes (Fasciolidae) and schistosomiasis (Schistosomatidae)

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Flukes of the parasite in the digestive tract of vertebrates or other organs such as liver, bile, pancreas, lungs, and bladder. These organs have hollow cavities that are rich in solid food such as blood, bile, mucus and intestinal contents. Flukes are mainly parasitic in animals Most human parasitic flukes are flukes that are both animal parasites and human parasites classified as parasitic diseases
1. THE BODY - PHYSICS
Flukes have a flat, elongated or elongated stem, resembling a leaf, or a thick stem like a flattened seed.



. The flukes are not divided into segments, there are parts used for attachment called suction discs. The parasitic flukes cause disease in people whose size varies from 5 to 6 mm to 75 mm. The outer covering is a layer of thorns that are partially or whole or smooth. The tapeworm has two suction plates made of muscle fibers, which only work to grip: the suction plate around the mouth and the suction plate (acetabulum) on the abdomen. Under the shell are three muscle layers:
The sphincter layer helps the flukes stretch horizontally across the body
The diagonal muscle layer helps the flukes stretch in the diagonal direction
The longitudinal muscle helps the flukes stretch along the length of the body,
Therefore the tapeworm can be stretched and bent in three directions.
Digestive
The digestive system of the flukes is incomplete, starting with the mouth surrounded by a suction plate, below the pharynx formed by muscle fibers, followed by the esophagus, a short tube, and then divided into two branched intestine. length at end of body and clogged at end, without anus. The two branches of the intestine can divide as many branches of the big fluke at Fasciola spp liver or not branch like those of the large intestinal flukes Fasiolopsis buski.



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Excretory system
Consisting of many secretory cells scattered throughout the flukes connected with two or more excretory ducts, such as a net from each side of the flukes into the two collecting tubes from which they are poured into what is known as the bladder and open the outer shell with one or two holes at the end of the flukes.
Nerve system
The nervous system consists of two nerve nodes above, near the mouth, acting as the brain, from which emit nerve fibers that run down the front and behind the body. There are many nerve rings running around the body.
Biological system
Flukes are hermaphrodites In an individual there are both male and female genitalia. Fertilization can occur by self-fertilizing in an individual, but most fertilization is in the form of cross fertilization between two individuals.
Male genital organs
Consists of two complete translations which are spherical or divide in many branches or lobes. The location and shape of the fluid is also used to identify the fluke. From each of the testes, there is a vas deferens that transports sperm to the inner sac (Cirrus) including the seminal vesicle, ejaculation tube and finally the intercourse hole. The intercourse sac with the common genital opening is also the place where the uterus of the genital area is connected
Female genital organs
The structure is relatively complex, including an ovary, an fallopian tube, seminal vesicles, and yolk glands scattered on the sides of the flukes connected to two yolk tubes, one ovary complete (Ootype), and meandering arc.



. At the egg completion chamber, the egg is provided with the yolk from the yolk gland, forming the eggshell, fertilized with sperm from the fertilized sac and the fertilized egg will be put into the uterus and from the uterus the egg will be externally released through the birth canal located in the common genital opening.
Circulatory and respiratory system
The fluke has no circulatory system and respiratory system
2. DEVELOPMENT PROCESS
The fluke has two developmental cycles: the sexual cycle is performed inside the host permanently; The asexual cycle takes place inside the intermediate host. The asexual cycle of tapeworms that cause disease in humans must be done in fresh water environment and must pass through one or two intermediate hosts living in freshwater to complete the development cycle. Snails are mandatory intermediate hosts of the asexual cycle, second intermediate hosts (if any) are freshwater crabs, shrimp and fish.
Egg
The tapeworm eggs are oval in shape, thick, transparent, with a lid on one end of the egg. Egg sizes vary from 35 µm - 150 µm. Eggs are excreted in the stool or sputum. When eggs leave the host, most of them do not have larvae inside the eggs, except for the case of small liver fluke Clonorchis sinensis.



When eggs come out of the host, there are already larvae inside. Eggs must be discharged into the water for the eggs to develop to hatch into larvae.
Hairy larvae (Miracidium)
Eggs in water after a while will form larvae in the egg and hatch larvae swimming in water. The larvae are pear-shaped, with one head. The hairy larvae have many fuzz around their bodies that helps them swim in the water. Thanks to the attraction.

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