Are Hematopoietic Nematodes Contagious?

Parasitical Worms.com Worms have only a developmental cycle through 2 host and human. Worms only in humans with a secondary host, mosquitoes, are divided into 2 groups:
- Group of worms that parasitize under the skin and organize
- The group of worms that only parasitize in lymph include Wuchereria and Brugia
In Vietnam, only lymphatic filariasis has been detected and only 2 types have been detected
Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia malayi.
1. Shape
1

.1. Worms mature
Fibrous, white or milky white. Males are 4 cm long and 0 1 mm wide The females are 8-10cm long, 0.25 mm wide, living together in the lymphatic system.



. Difficult to distinguish between 2 types of parasites in humans.
- Structure: Wrapping the body is the shell, followed by the dermis and muscle layer. In there are simple structural parts, the uterus alone occupies the majority of the body, in which many vesicles contain larvae. Eggs are wrapped in very thin membranes in the larvae, the larvae only move vigorously out of the eggs.
1 2 Larval
The larvae are surrounded by a crust called the mantle. There is a head and tail in the body. In the body there are many seeds after dyeing called chromatin. An important feature of chromatin for distinguishing two types of parasitic worms is the tail chromosome.



.
Some characteristics to distinguish stage I larvae of the filariasis Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia malayi are as follows:
2. Cycle
2.1. Parasitic position
Adult worms parasitize in the lymphatic system The larvae live in the blood circulation system.
2.2. Evolution of the cycle
Worms reproduce sexually. The female worms produce larvae, the larvae from the lymphatic circulation system to the blood circulation system and often appear in peripheral blood at night (from 21:00 pm to 2:00 am). quickly move into the mosquito net to enter the stomach.



. In the stomach of mosquitoes, after 2 - 6 hours the larvae penetrate the stomach and leave the mantle. After 15 hours the larvae move to the mosquito chest muscles After 14 days the larvae changed their shells again to stage IV larvae. Parasites in the salivary glands wait for opportunities to enter the body.
After the mosquitoes suck blood, they transmit the worm larvae to the peripheral blood, from which the larvae follow the parasitic blood in the lymphatic system to develop into adult worms. The time from infection to larva appearance in the blood is about 3 - 7 months. For Wuchereria bancrofti usually parasitize the gonads and renal glands. Brugia malayi often parasites in the inguinal or axillary lymph nodes. Adult worms have a lifespan of about 10 years.
The larvae can survive in the blood circulation system for up to 10 weeks and will die without mosquitoes.




3. Pathology
3.1. Clinical symptoms
The course of the disease through 3 periods:
- Incubation period: The patient does not feel any symptoms, may accidentally test for larvae in peripheral blood. The patient may experience mild rash.
This period lasts 5-7 years
- Onset of illness: Patients with fever, after a few days of lymphatic system inflammation, appear red, painful lines along the lymphatic vessels, usually the inner surface of the lower limb. Exacerbations of lymphatic system inflammation are increasing. Inguinal, axillary, or hard lymph nodes
- For Wuchereria bancrofti or diabetes mellitus appears due to lymphatic vessels bursting into the renal pelvis, urine is opaque white like rice water, so as not to settle, sometimes bloody Where the amount of nutrients in the urine much, so long urine can coagulate. The phenomenon of elephant edema gradually appears in the genitals.



. As for Brugia malayi, which causes elephant's edema in the limbs, it is more common to have lower extremities. This period can last for many years, the patient is rapidly losing weight. Blood tests can show filariasis larvae.
- Sequelae: Patients no longer have episodes of acute lymphadenitis but the lymph nodes enlarge frequently. There are episodes of one leg or one hand or genital, hard edema. This period rarely finds larvae in peripheral blood
4. Diagnosis
4.1. Clinical diagnosis
Valid only if there are complications or sequelae.



. The first phase is easily overlooked or confused with other diseases.
4.2. Diagnostic tests
42.1 Blood test for filariasis larvae: The principle is to take blood at night (from 24 hours to 2 am) to make thick drops of giemsa-dyed or to look for worm larvae only as a common method. Best. But if the density of larvae in the blood is less then the probability of positive will be low. In that case, larvae concentrating methods such as (Knote, Harris, Millipore membrane filtration method) should be applied.
4.



.2.1 Urine test looks for larvae
In the case of a patient with diabetes mellitus, take centrifugal urine to get staining.
4.2.3 Immunological diagnosis
Detecting antibodies in serum by immunological technique ELISA or immunofluorescence.
5. Epidemiology
- Worms are concentrated only in the Northern provinces of Vietnam, but many central regions have been found to have lymphatic filariasis. The disease usually localizes into small points, each village and commune.
- In the Northern Delta region, the majority is B.



malayi (80-95%), mainly in wet rice-growing areas such as in the Red River Delta region, the four main provinces of Hai Duong, Ha Nam, Thai Binh and Hung. Yen.
- In the provinces of South Central region found in such provinces: Nghe An. Quang Binh Khanh Hoa - Southern region under the new investigation has not detected the disease.

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